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Understanding the Old Testament

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  1. INTRODUCTION & MATERIALS

    Introduction & Books for Class
    4 Steps
  2. 1. How the Old Testament Points to Jesus: A Biblical Foundation
    2 Steps
  3. CREATION & THE FLOOD
    2. Is Genesis History? Canon, Chronology, and Controversy
    2 Steps
  4. 3. Creation, Covenant, and the Purpose of Man in the Old Testament
    2 Steps
  5. 4. The Fall, the Curse, and the Promise of Redemption
    2 Steps
  6. 5. Cain and Abel: The First Murder and the Nature of Sin
    3 Steps
  7. 6. The Line of Cain vs. The Line of Seth: Two Paths in Biblical History
    2 Steps
  8. NOAH & THE PATRIARCHS
    7. The Covenant of Grace: God’s Promise to Noah and All Creation
    2 Steps
  9. 8. Faith and Righteousness: Abraham as the Model of Justification
    2 Steps
  10. 9. Faith and Obedience: How Abraham’s Life Displays the Christian Journey
    2 Steps
  11. 10. Theology in History: The Patriarchs and God's Plan
    2 Steps
  12. MOSES, EXODUS, & THE LAW
    11. Moses and Jesus: The Deliverers of God’s People
    2 Steps
  13. 12. The Ten Commandments: God’s Law Given on Mount Sinai
    2 Steps
  14. 13. How the Law Points to Christ
    2 Steps
  15. 14. The Tabernacle: God’s Dwelling Among His People (NEW)
    2 Steps
  16. 15. The History of Redemption: Tracing God's Plan from Genesis to Christ
    2 Steps
  17. 16. Abraham’s Faith, the Law, and the Gospel in the Old Testament
    2 Steps
  18. 17. How Galatians Unlocks the Old Testament
    2 Steps
  19. HISTORY & PSALMS
    18. Faith, Forgetfulness, and Redemption: The Nicene Creed, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges & Ruth
    2 Steps
  20. 19. Messianic Psalms: Prophecy, Fulfillment, and Christ’s Kingship
    2 Steps
  21. 20. Scripture Interprets Scripture: How the Psalms and Prophets Reveal Jesus
    2 Steps
  22. 21. From Solomon to Exile: How Israel’s History Shapes the Prophets’ Message
    2 Steps
  23. PROPHETS
    22. The Voice in the Wilderness: Isaiah’s Prophecies and Their Fulfillment in Christ
    2 Steps
  24. 23. Isaiah and the New Testament: Finding Christ in the Old Testament
    2 Steps
  25. 24. Isaiah and the Messiah: Prophecies of Christ’s Suffering and Kingship
    2 Steps
  26. 25. Isaiah and the Nations: Prophecy, Geopolitics, and the Coming Kingdom
    2 Steps
  27. 26. Jeremiah and the New Covenant: From Judgment to Redemption
    2 Steps
  28. 27. Ezekiel’s Visions: Judgment, Restoration, and the Glory of God
    2 Steps
  29. 28. Daniel and the Kingdom of God: Prophecy, Sovereignty, and Fulfillment
    2 Steps
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This lesson highlights how the Exodus narrative connects to the gospel, showing Christ as the true Deliverer. 

Outline of the Lesson

1. Introduction: The Importance of the Exodus

  • The Exodus is one of the most significant events in the Old Testament.
  • It is referenced throughout the Bible as a picture of salvation.
  • Jesus, Paul, and the prophets all use the Exodus to illustrate God’s power to redeem.
  • Understanding the Exodus deepens our understanding of Christ’s mission.

2. Israel’s Oppression in Egypt (Exodus 1)

  • The Israelites multiply and become numerous in Egypt.
  • A new Pharaoh arises who does not remember Joseph.
  • Pharaoh enslaves the Israelites out of fear that they will become too powerful.
  • The Hebrews are forced into hard labor, building Egyptian cities.

3. The Birth and Calling of Moses (Exodus 2-4)

  • Moses is born during a time of intense persecution.
  • His mother places him in a basket in the Nile, and Pharaoh’s daughter adopts him.
  • Moses grows up in Pharaoh’s court but later kills an Egyptian and flees to Midian.
  • God calls Moses from the burning bush to deliver His people.
  • Moses resists the call, making excuses about his ability to lead.
  • God reassures Moses, giving him signs and Aaron as a spokesman.

4. Pharaoh’s Resistance and the Hardening of His Heart (Exodus 5-7)

  • Moses and Aaron demand that Pharaoh let Israel go, but he refuses.
  • Pharaoh increases the labor for the Israelites, making them resent Moses.
  • God tells Moses that He will harden Pharaoh’s heart.
  • The concept of hardening:
    • Sometimes Pharaoh hardens his own heart.
    • Sometimes God hardens it further.
    • God’s judgment is both allowing and reinforcing Pharaoh’s rebellion.

5. The Ten Plagues and God’s Power Over Egypt (Exodus 7-12)

  • The plagues are direct judgments against Egypt’s false gods.
  • Each plague undermines an aspect of Egypt’s religious system:
    • The Nile turning to blood—judgment on their river god.
    • Frogs, lice, and flies—attacks on fertility and nature gods.
    • Hail, locusts, and darkness—God controlling the weather and sun.
    • Death of the firstborn—God showing authority over life and death.
  • The plagues escalate in severity, showing Pharaoh’s increasing stubbornness.

6. The Passover: A Picture of Christ (Exodus 12)

  • God instructs the Israelites to sacrifice a lamb and place its blood on their doorposts.
  • The angel of death passes over homes marked by the blood.
  • The Passover becomes a lasting memorial of God’s deliverance.
  • Jesus is later identified as the true Passover Lamb (1 Corinthians 5:7).
  • John the Baptist calls Jesus “the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29).
  • The Lord’s Supper is instituted during Passover, reinforcing the connection to Christ.

7. The Exodus as a Pattern of Salvation

  • Israel’s deliverance from Egypt mirrors spiritual salvation:
    • Slavery in Egypt represents bondage to sin.
    • Moses as a deliverer foreshadows Christ.
    • The crossing of the Red Sea symbolizes baptism (1 Corinthians 10:1-2).
    • The journey to the Promised Land reflects the Christian walk.
  • The Exodus is the foundation for later biblical themes of redemption.

8. Pharaoh’s Pursuit and the Parting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14)

  • After releasing Israel, Pharaoh changes his mind and chases them.
  • Israel is trapped at the Red Sea, and the people panic.
  • God commands Moses to stretch out his staff, parting the sea.
  • Israel crosses on dry ground, but Pharaoh’s army is destroyed.
  • The Red Sea crossing is the defining moment of Israel’s deliverance.

9. Application: What We Learn from the Exodus

  • God is faithful to His promises, even when deliverance seems impossible.
  • God judges sin but provides salvation for those who trust Him.
  • Christ is the greater Moses, leading His people out of bondage.
  • The Passover and the Exodus foreshadow Christ’s sacrifice and resurrection.
  • Trusting God means believing in His power to save, even in hopeless situations.

10. Assignments and Next Steps

  • Read Exodus 1-15 to follow the full story of Israel’s deliverance.
  • Study how the New Testament connects Jesus to Moses (Hebrews 3, John 6:32-35).
  • Compare the Passover with Christ’s crucifixion in Matthew 26 and 1 Corinthians 5:7.
  • Look into how each plague corresponds to an Egyptian deity.

Key Takeaways

  • The Exodus is a foundational event, shaping Israel’s identity and pointing to Christ.
  • Pharaoh’s hardened heart demonstrates both human rebellion and divine judgment.
  • The plagues reveal God’s power over false gods and His authority over creation.
  • The Passover foreshadows Jesus as the Lamb whose blood saves from judgment.
  • The Red Sea crossing represents complete deliverance, just as salvation in Christ frees us from sin.

Delivered 11/11/20

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