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General Science

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  1. INTRODUCTION & MATERIALS

    What You Need to Know & Buy Before You Begin
    4 Steps
  2. MODULE 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE
    Week 1
    2 Steps
  3. Week 2
    2 Steps
  4. MODULE 2: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
    Week 3
    2 Steps
  5. Week 4
    2 Steps
  6. MODULE 3: HOW TO ANALYZE AND INTERPRET EXPERIMENTS
    Week 5
    2 Steps
  7. Week 6
    2 Steps
  8. MODULE 5: THE HISTORY OF LIFE - Archeology, Geology, and Paleontology
    Week 7
    2 Steps
  9. Week 8
    2 Steps
  10. MODULE 6: FOUNDATIONS OF GEOLOGY
    Week 9
    2 Steps
  11. Week 10
    2 Steps
  12. MODULE 7: THE FOSSIL RECORD
    Week 11
    2 Steps
  13. Week 12
    2 Steps
  14. MODULE 8: UNIFORMITARIANISM AND CATASTROPHISM
    Week 13
    2 Steps
  15. Week 14
    2 Steps
  16. MODULE 9: WHAT IS LIFE?
    Week 15
    2 Steps
  17. Week 16
    2 Steps
  18. MODULE 10: CLASSIFYING LIFE
    Week 17
    2 Steps
  19. Week 18
    2 Steps
  20. MODULE 11: THE HUMAN BODY: FEARFULLY AND WONDERFULLY MADE
    Week 19
    2 Steps
  21. Week 20
    2 Steps
  22. MODULE 12: ENERGY AND LIFE
    Week 21
    2 Steps
  23. Week 22
    2 Steps
  24. MODULE 13: THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    Week 23
    2 Steps
  25. Week 24
    2 Steps
  26. MODULE 14: THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
    Week 25
    2 Steps
  27. Week 26
    2 Steps
  28. MODULE 15: THE HUMAN LYMPHATIC, ENDOCRINE, AND URINARY SYSTEMS
    Week 27
    2 Steps
  29. Week 28
    2 Steps
  30. MODULE 16: THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Week 29
    2 Steps
  31. Week 30
    1 Step
Lesson Progress
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  • Imhotep – Imhotep was an Egyptian who lived around 2650 B.C. He was known for his knowledge of medicine.
  • Papyrus – Egyptians used papyrus, which was a primitive form of paper, made from a long-leaf plant. This page tell the
    student how to make papyrus.
  • Aristotle – Aristotle is considered the father of life sciences due to his classification scheme and his study of living things. The reputation of Aristotle, not the scientific evidence, was the reason people believed in spontaneous generation. It took 2000 years for Aristotle to be shown wrong. During that 2000 year period, people believed spontaneous generation to be true (even though there was evidence that it was not true) simply because Aristotle said it was so.
  • Archimedes – Archimedes, according to legend, discovered displacement theory while taking a bath. Archimedes demonstrated how closely the science and math are linked. Mathematics often provides data which shows scientific ideas to be correct or false. Scientific observation often shows mathematic predictions to be correct or in error.
  • Crab Nebula – In 1054, Chinese scientist observed a star exploding. An explosion of a star today is called a supernova. The remains of an exploded star are called a nebula.
  • Copernicus – Copernicus was the first to propose the heliocentric system, which places the sun at the center of the solar system. Church opposition and lack of data to support his view kept Copernicus’ idea from being widely accepted.
  • Johannes Kepler – Through his observations, Johannes Kepler was able to describe the orbits of the planets mathematically. His mathematical equations became known as “Kepler’s Laws.”
  • Vesalius – Vesalius was known for his 1543 book, which detailed the internal anatomy of the human body. This is a detailed biography.
  • Sir Isaac Newton – Sir Isaac Newton authored the Principia: a three volume set of scientific observations and mathematic equations written by Newton, which provide detailed information on the three laws of motion, the motion of fluids, and the universal law of gravity. The web sites details more of Newton’s accomplishments also.
  • Dalton – Dalton is considered the founder of modern atomic theory. The web site is his biography page.
  • Charles Darwin – Darwin wrote the book, On The Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Darwin’s book proposed to answer the age old question, “How did we get here?” without ever referring to a supernatural Creator. He is the originator of the idea of Evolution. Darwin demonstrated the idea wrong of “immutability of the species” to be wrong. Immutability is the idea that every type of creature that exists today has always existed throughout history. Darwin showed all species of dog came from an original ancestor, through a process that he called natural selection.
  • Louis Pasteur – Pasteur is credit with inventing the pasteurization process that keeps milk from spoiling. It was also Pasteur who destroyed Aristotle’s idea of spontaneous generation once and for all. The web site provides insight into Pasteur’s numerous accomplishments
  • Gregor Mendel – Mendel is the father of genetics. He singlehandedly discovered how traits were passed from one generation to the next. Mendel is important in that, although he loved science and want to continue in his studies, politics between his government and church forced him to give up his work. He viewed spiritual matters more important than his science and life’s ambitions.
  • James Clerk Maxwell – Maxwell is considered by many to be the father of modern physics. The linked site is his biography page.
  • Albert Einstein – The linked site gives a complete biography of the man and his accomplishments. He is most noted for his part in developing nuclear energy theory. This is the source of the equation “E = mc”.
  • Neils Bohr – Bohr developed a “picture of atom” based on principles of quantum mechanics. His picture of the atom is sometimes referred to as the Bohr Model of the Atom. Click on the list on the left side of the screen to discover more about Neils Bohr.
  • Greek Philosophy – The site gives a biography of the major Greek philosophers, including Thales, Anaximander, and Leucippus.
  • Density – Detailed discussion page on the topic of density is provided. Great supplement for the density lab assignment.
  • Galileo Journey to Jupiter Project – This is the link to NASA’s official web site for the Galileo mission to Jupiter. Great images of the moons of the giant planet are shown.
  • Democritus – Great web site on this unique Greek scientist.
  • Spontaneous Generation – Detailed study into the classic Aristotle concept of life from non-living substances.
  • The Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy – Use caution – this YouTube video may present links to inappropriate videos. Very good historical look at these two Titans of early science.
  • The Galilea Project – Wonderful and insightful reference page on Galileo and his life and times.
  • The Ptolemaic system – Awesome information into this time honored theory is presented. Well worth the read.
  • Isaac Newton – This is a college lecture transcript on Newton’s life and times. Gives some wonderful animations of Newton’s ideas.
  • Elephant and Feather – Air Resistance – Air actually slows objects down as they fall. The heavier an object is and the more compact it is, the less it is affected by air resistance. This little web site shows this fact in a fun and interesting format.
  • NASA’s History of Human Space Flight – Science is NOT a means by which something can be proven. All scientific conclusions are tentative. All it takes is one experiment to destroy even a scientific law. A classic example is mankind’s theory that he would NEVER travel beyond earth’s atmosphere. 
  • Antoine Laurent Lavoisier – Becher and Stahl proposed that all substances which burned contained phlogiston. As a substance burns, it loses phlogiston and, in enough time, the burning will cease because all of the phlogiston will be used up. Becher and Stahl had detailed experiments to back up their idea, and it became accepted scientific explanation of combustion for the next 120 years. Lavoisier proposed that the process of combustion was actually a chemical reaction in which the chemicals of the substance that is burning react with oxygen in the air. 
  • Ignaz Semmelweis – Semmelweis noticed that his patients were dying at a rate which far exceeded the death rate of other patients on other wards in the hospital. This web site details Semmelweis’ contribution to hospital infection control.  
  • Giovanni Schiaparelli – Schiaparelli was the first to observe lines on the surface of Mars. This web site talks about the impact of his sightings. 
  • Heike Kamerlingh Onnes – Dutch scientist Heike Onnes discovered the phenomenon of superconductivity. Great biography page for this important scientist. 
  • BCS Theory – BCS theory predicted that superconductivity was impossible above roughly -405 degrees Fahrenheit. This web site details the theory and research. 
  • Alexander the Great – Alexander had no fleet with which to attack the island city of Tyre, so he completely destroyed the mainland city and dumped all of its debris into the ocean. There was so much debris that Alexander was able to construct a 200- ft wide bridge of debris from the mainland city to the island city, making it possible for his army to march straight to Tyre and conquer it. 
  • The Scientific Method – A common misperception of science is that the scientific method is used the same way all of the time. This article does an excellent job of showing us that the steps of the scientific method do not have to be done in order.  
  • Semmelweis University – Ignaz Semmelweis was fired by the hospital for practicing infection control methods. But even though he lost his job, his research into infection control continues to today at the University which bears his name.  
  • The Lowell Observatory – Percival Lowell built an observatory in Arizona to make detailed observations of Mars. This page provides an online tour of the facility.
  • WAR OF THE WORLDS – Lowell’s work shocked the scientific community. Scientists got excited and thought that the Martians were going to someday invade the earth. This gave strength to Orson Wells’ WAR OF THE WORLDS broadcast. People believed it to be true because science told them it was possible. 
  • Superconductor.org – Everything you will ever want to know about superconductor on one page.
  • Two examples of where science was wrong:

    Aspartame-Cancer Link Refuted

    ADHD and Sugar – Science can attempt to answer any question as long as we remember all science answers are tentative. Science must be based on data and data can change with new technology and increased understanding of the phenomenon. These web sites demonstrate scientific conclusions found to be wrong as new data was collected.
  • Comet Halley – Halley’s Comet is used as a scientific method example in the Module study guide. This page provides information
    about the comet.
  • Percival Lowell – An advanced study into this important scientist’s ideas and research. Worth the time to read.
  • Mars Global Surveyor – Percival Lowell’s canals and green blotches turned out to be dust clouds. Lowell’s sources of error were resulted
    from the poor optics of his telescope and Lowell having eye fatigue from the long hours of observation. This web
    site shows the surface of Mars from the Mars orbiting camera.
  • Alexander the Great Conquest Map – The known conquered empire of Alexander the Great
  • Great Salt Lake State Park – Saltwater is more dense than pure water. This web page provides lots of interesting facts about the Great Salt Lake in Utah. 
  • Sticky Water – This page investigates surface tension and how it works.c 
  • What’s the Right Weight? – Objective data is something which can be measured exactly during an experiment — height, age, and weight are all examples of objective data. This page provides objective date regarding teen body weight norms. 
  • Hyperpathia – People with low pain threshold are hyperpathic. 
  • Blind Experiment – This Wikipedia site presents information on both blind and double blind studies. 
  • The Healing Power of Placebos – Placeboes are the fake pills given to drug test participants. They are usually just made out of sugar. They are made to look identical to the real drug, so that the volunteers do not know whether or not they are taking the real drug or the placebos. 
  • Reading Graphs – An introduction to graph interpretation is given. Very well done with loads of visuals to help the student understand graph reading. 
  • Experimental Designs – An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable(s) under very controlled conditions and examines whether changes occur in a second variable(s). This web site provides insights into these techniques. 
  • Salt Crystals – Microscopic images of salt crystals are presented on this page. Wonderful crystallography presentation.
  • Hydrogen bonds  – This site discusses surface tension and hydrogen bonding. 
  • Control Group Study – A control group study uses a control group to compare to an experimental group in a test of a causal hypothesis. This page outlines the procedures of this important research technique.
  • Double Blind Studies – One doctor’s use of double blind studies in his research is presented. Great web page for those trying to understand who these studies work. 
  • Surface Tension – This page provides an advanced look at surface tension from a human physiology perspective.
  • The International Space Station – The invention of a new process or machine that makes life better or makes a job easier is called -technology. This page details some of the awesome International Space Station technology. 
  • Imhotep – Imhotep using moldy bread on an open wound is an example of technology. This page provides good information on the doctor and high priest. 
  • Pascal Portraits – The origins of the computer can be traced back to Blaise Pascal. This page provides multiple images of the famous inventor and scientist. 
  • Inventors of the Modern Computer – In 1946, John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert developed the ENIAC I (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator). The U.S. military sponsored their research; they needed a calculating device for writing artillery firing tables (the settings used for different weapons under varied conditions for target accuracy). This web site explores the men and their invention. 
  • The Intel Museum – Intel’s online teaching tutorial into the world of the microchip is presented. Great site for those who are seeking an online tour of microchip production. 
  • Chest X-Ray – Explains the importance of this medical procedure in the United States. Provides some great X-Ray images.
  • Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen – Roentgen (1895) “accidentally” discovered” X-Rays. Roentgen was not trying to come up with a new medical procedure. Instead, he was studying electricity and trying to understand what it was. He was passing electricity through a tube that was partially filled with gas. He noticed that even though the tube was encased in black cardboard, whenever the electricity passed through the tube, a nearby screen would glow. He hypothesized that the tube was emitting some sort of rays whenever the electricity passed through it. Since he had no idea what those rays were, he called them ” X-rays .” 
  • Simple Machines – The six basic kinds of simple machines are the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw. This site introduces the student to each of these machines and then provides links to other sites for further study. 
  • Mechanical Advantage – A concise look at MA is provided on this wiki page. Provides a wonderful illustration of block and tackle mechanical advantage.
  • Simple machines – Provides links to instructional pages, lesson plans, activities, and much more regarding simple machines.
  • Simple Machines Worksheets – This site provides a list of printable worksheets about simple machines. There are a few good FREE worksheets available to print.
  • Simple Machines Activities – Interactive animations that help you learn about simple machines including finding simple machines in everyday objects and putting simple machines to work.
  • Levers – This page is devoted to level systems. It provides some wonderful secondary illustration pages.
  • Simple Machines – The physics behind simple machines is explored on this site 
  • Levers – This web site provides some very good illustrations of the different lever systems and how they work.
  • Biblical Archaeology – Four historical tools can be used to study life science. These include historical records, archaeology, geology, and paleontology. Archaeology is the study of past human life as revealed by preserved relics. This page approaches archaeology from a biblical perspective. 
  • Biblical Geology – A great website about geology from a Christian perspective. 
  • Navajo National Monument – Archaeology can give us some clues about civilizations for which we have no historical records, but archaeology’s main strength lies in uncovering and clarifying the history of civilizations for which we do have historical records. A student does not need to go to Egypt to study Archaeology. There are numerous sites in the United States to be explored. 
  • Ancient Rome–Part 1 – Part 1 of the two part travel guide of the top 10 archaeological sites in Rome. Pictures and videos included
  • Ancient Rome–Part 2 – Part 2 of the two part travel guide of the top 10 archaeological sites in Rome. Pictures and videos included
  • Ancient China – This page is an online teacher guided lesson regarding China history and culture. 
  • Ancient Greece – Web site is prepared and maintained by students as a class project under the direction of their teacher. Super information on ancient Greece and its history and culture. 
  • Ancient Egypt – This PBS pages provides lesson plans and resources that assist in teaching many different aspects of the ancient Egyptian world. 
  • The New Testament: Can I Trust it? – The internal test simply tests to see whether or not the document is internally consistent. This page details the requirements for the internal, external, and bibliographic tests and discusses how well the Bible passes these tests. 
  • Aristotle – Aristotle’s dictum says the benefit of the doubt is to be given to the document itself, not assigned by the critic to himself. This page details some of Aristotle’s most significant accomplishments. 
  • Jesus’ Grandfather – One account says that Jesus’ grandfather was Jacob whereas another says it was Heli. This web site provides details to answer the question. 
  • Paul – Paul’s attendants did, indeed, hear sounds coming from Paul’s vision, but they could not distinguish any understandable speech from those sounds. This page outlines Paul’s life and accomplishments. It is a great Bible study addition. 
  • Biblical Archaeology: Cuneiform – This site sets forth the importance of cuneiform scrolls and provides links to other archaeological finds of importance.
  • The Dead Sea Scrolls – This is the link to the Dead Sea Scrolls online expo. Provides some very detailed information on the contents of this historic archaeological find. 
  • Dendrochronology gallery – Dendrochronology is the science of counting tree rings to determine the age of a tree. The appearance of a tree ring depends on several environmental factors for the year in which the ring was formed. This web site provides valuable insight into how this amazing dating science works. 
  • Carbon-14 Dating – Radiometric dating is using a radioactive process to determine the age of an item. This page details the principles behind the dating method and where it falls short in its methods. 
  • The Search for Noah’s Ark – There are many seemingly unrelated cultures that all have a worldwide flood tale. If the flood did not really occur, then you have to assume that they all made up the tales independently, because many of the cultures had no contact with one another until well after the tales were written down. This site depicts the current state of ark inquiry and lists it many evidences. 
  • Archaeology and the Bible – Did Jericho’s walls really fall down? This site answers the question. Provides tons of links to archaeological sites which support a biblical world viewpoint. 
  • Dendrochronology.com – Web site which shows how the science works and what can be learned regarding earth’s past.
  • How Carbon-14 Dating Works – This page is provides some interesting information on how carbon-14 forms and how it is used to date fossils. (Contains evolutionary content.) 
  • How Volcanoes Work – Catastrophism is the view that most of earth’s geological features are the result of large-scale catastrophes such as floods, volcanic eruptions, etc. This web site provides loads of information on how volcanoes work to form geology.
  • Concept of Uniformitarianism – Uniformitarianism is the view that most of earth’s geological features are the result of slow, gradual processes that have been at work for millions or even billions of years. This web page details the origins of this school of thought.
  • Hi! I’m Humus – Humus is the decayed remains of once-living creatures. This fun little site helps the students understand the importance of this organic material. The other components of soil are gravel, sand, silt, and clay.
  • Inside the Earth – All of the earth’s soil is actually sitting on top of earth’s crust, which is made of solid rock. This page outlines the structure of planet earth from core to mountain top. Site provides some terrific illustrations and student helps.
  • How Sedimentary Rocks are Formed – Sedimentary rock is formed from sediments (sand, silt, and other components of soil) which are laid down by water or some other agent. As these sediments begin to pile up, they can begin to fuse together due to heat, pressure, and various chemical reactions. This hardens the sediments into a solid substance, which is called sedimentary rock.
  • How Igneous Rock Is Formed – Igneous rock forms from molten rock, which is usually called magma. When a volcano erupts, the lava that it spews forth is magma. When that molten rock cools, it solidifies, forming igneous rock. This web site details the process.
  • Rock Cycle – This page explains the natural “recycling” of rocks.
  • Mineral Specimens and Crystals – Crystals have sharp edges and smooth sides that form an obvious geometric pattern. This web site shows many of the precious gemstone in their natural uncut state.
  • Grand Canyon Explorer – Layers of sedimentary rock are called strata, and they make up the most distinguishing aspect of sedimentary rock. This site provides beautiful, downloadable pictures of the strata of the Grand Canyon. Well worth the time to investigate. Be sure to check out the home page linked at the bottom of the picture page.
  • Monument Valley: Mitten Buttes – Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down by the forces of nature. Monument Valley is an example of this ongoing earth recycling process.
  • Arches National Park – Erosion is the process by which sediments and rock fragments are carried away by wind or rain. This process is seen in the amazing formations found at Arches.
  • The Nile River Delta – The Nile River’s delta is made up of sediments carried away from eroded rock and soil. This satellite image shows the fan-shaped formation.
  • Carlsbad Cavern: the Big Room – When groundwater erodes away rock, a cavern is the result. This pictorial essay shows some of the awesome formations in the cavern.
  • A Geologist View of the Grand Canyon – The vast majority of rock in the Grand Canyon is sedimentary rock. This web site looks at the different formation of the Canyon from top to bottom. (Some evolution content presented.)
  • Uniformitarianism: True Observation?
    This web page provides a summary of the major ideas regarding the origins of earth’s geology. The link at the
    bottom of the page takes the student to more content on this theory.
  • Rocks and Minerals Slide Show
    Multiple slide shows are available on this page to help students understand rocks and minerals. This website is
    currently under reconstruction and may only contain the information and not the images.
  • The Grand Canyon
    This is the link to the official Grand Canyon National Parks site.
  • Lehman Caves
    Terrific pictures inside this interesting cavern.
  • Chemical Weathering Project – This site provides a short summary about chemical weathering and also an experiment to measure and compare effects of chemical weathering, specifically carbonation, on several rock samples.
  • Organization Sedimentary Rocks Home site – Just as the name implies, this link connects to the Sedimentary Rocks page. Lots of information on different kinds of sedimentary rock and how it forms. This is college level page.
  • Organization Igneous Rocks Home site – Just as the name implies, this link connects to the Igneous Rocks page. Lots of information on volcanoes and different kinds of igneous rock is presented. This is a college level page
  • Organization Metamorphic Rocks Home site – Just as the name implies, this link connects to the Metamorphic Rocks page. Lots of information on metamorphic change is presented and details about different kinds of metamorphic rock are presented. This is a college level page.
  • Dinosaur Artwork – This web sites details some significant archaeological finds that provide evidence that dinosaurs and people may have co-existed.
  • Fossil Types – When a scientist finds the preserved remains of a plant or animal, then the scientist knows that there must be something special about the way in which it was formed. This page provides information on means of fossil production. Links may refer to old earth ideas.
  • Dino/Human Footprints – The most common means by which a dead plant or animal can be preserved is by the formation of a mold and the
    making of a cast. This page shows casts and molds of dino and human footprints in the same rock strata.
  • Petrified Specimens – Petrifaction is the conversion of organic material into stone. This page show a number of different petrified
    bones, many of which are for sale.
  • Rapid Petrifaction – Petrifaction does not take millions of years. It can take place in decades under the right conditions.
  • Triceratops Information Page – This is the Enchanted Learning page depicting Triceratops. At the bottom of this page is a list of and links to
    information on all the known dinosaurs. Links may refer to old earth ideas.
  • Frozen Mammoths – This page from the Center for Scientific Creation shows the preserved remains of the baby mammoth.
  • USGS Index Fossils – Nearly 95% of all fossils on this planet are the fossil remains of clams and other hard shelled organisms. This
    page shows the fossilized clams that the USGS uses to establish geological time.
  • Trilobite Fossils – There are fossils of trilobites in every layer of the Grand Canyon above the Great Unconformity. These fossils are
    often found out of place in the evolutionary view of the geological column.
  • Evidences of a Young World – Scientists believe that mud deposits at a rate of one foot every 1000 years. According to measurements made,
    there is not enough mud at the bottom of the oceans for the world to be millions of years old.
  • Catastrophism.net – This site is devoted to helping people understand the principles of a catastrophic viewpoint.
  • Mount St. Helens – This page discusses why creationists are excited about the geology formed by the Mount St. Helens eruption.
  • The Geology of the Grand Canyon – According to an uniformitarian view, it has taken the Colorado River six million years to erode away the Grand Canyon. This page shows the geology from an old earth point of view.
  • Amber Fossils – This page provides an advanced look at the fossilization processes.
  • Trilobites – This is a very good site on trilobite types and structure. Explore the different page links to discover interesting topics about trilobites. Evolutionary Content.
  • Grand Canyon strata show geologic time is imaginary – Uniformitarians believe that each geologic strata represents a certain period of time in earth’s past. The deeper layers represent time periods far back in earth’s past, whereas the layers near the top represent more recent
    periods in earth’s past. This web site challenges these assumption.
  • Index Fossils – Uniformitarians use index fossils to determine which rock layer belongs to which time period. An index fossil is a
    fossil which is considered to represent a certain period in earth’s past.
  • Ten Misconceptions about the Geologic Column – The geological column is a theoretical picture. It assumes that each layer of rock represents a period in earth’s past, and it further assumes that the index fossils found in a given layer of rock are, in fact, accurate indicators of which time period the rock was formed. This web site discusses some of these misconceptions and explains the
    facts regard the geological column.
  • Geologic Eons, Eras and Periods – This page presents the classic geological column used by geologists today. Evolutionary Content
  • The Origin of Species – This is a linked web page which provides the student access to Darwin’s complete essay.
  • Evidences against The Theory of Evolution – The Theory of Evolution states that as millions of years passed and the children of this simple life form continued to reproduce, and their children reproduced, and so on, these small differences between parent and child began to “pile up.” As this went on, there were eventually so many differences that the children being produced looked nothing like the original life form that began this process. In this way, a “simple” life form gave rise to a more complicated life form. This page present the evidences which negate these ideas.
  • Farewell to Lucy – This article discusses how paleontologists are already doubting Australopithecus’ status as an intermediate link.
  • Volcanoes of North America – A catastrophist believes that most of the geological record was formed as the result of one or more catastrophes. This page lists the currently active volcanoes in North America, which are capable of producing large scale
    geologic changes.
  • The Many Faces of Mount St. Helens – The total energy released in the explosion is estimated to be equivalent to the explosion of 430 million tons of TNT, which is about the same as the energy released in the explosion of 33,000 atomic bombs. During the main
    part of the eruption, the volcano was releasing energy at the rate of one atomic bomb per second. This energy release leveled entire forests and caused massive mudflows.
  • Mt. Vesuvius – On a geological scale, however, the Mt. St. Helens eruption was rather ordinary. Several much more severe catastrophes have happened during the course of recorded history. This page details the eruptive history of Mt. Vesuvius, one of the world’s most destructive volcanoes.
  • Large Fossil Graveyard Discovered in Central Florida – When fossils are concentrated into enormous deposits, those deposits are called fossil graveyards. This page discusses a recent discovery in Florida.
  • Fish in Fish Fossils – The large fish that were preserved in this way did not die in the middle of a meal and then lie around for millions of years while they were encased in sediment. That simply could not happen! The fossils indicate that the fish were buried in an instant, without warning.
  • Rapid Fossilization – Fossilization can happen in a relatively short amount of time as seen in the picture of the fossilized water wheel, derby hat, and metal pliers in your textbook.
  • Coelacanths – Index fossils are not 100% reliable. Numerous cases have a rose where creatures, whose fossils were used as index fossil, have been demonstrated to be still in existence. Case in point is the coelacanth.
  • Fifty Reasons Why Evolution Will Not Fly – GREAT page for those of you needing help with evolutionary arguments.
  • Archaeopteryx – Just like the dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx could not survive in the post-Flood environment. It died off due to climate changes and lack of food availability just like creatures still do today.
  • List of Human Evolution Fossils – This page provides a complete list of the supposed fossilized ape-to-human evolutionary evidence. Evolutionary Content
  • Fossil Graveyards – Great page which presents information on many of the earth’s fossil graveyards.
  • Geological Column – Awesome graphic of the current geological column used by uniformitarian geologists today.
  • Mount St. Helens – This is the official United States Geological Service web page on the Mt. St. Helens volcano.
  • Evolution Fraud – In an attempt to further their careers and justify the claims that evolution is a legitimate theory, many scientists have fraudulently deceived the world by planting or reconstructing fossils which they would claim to be authentic finds. The most widely published evolution fraud was committed in China in 1999, and published in the National Geographic.
  • Noah’s Ark – The structural design of the ark is presented and its seaworthiness discussed.
  • The Smallest Site on the Web – Shows and discusses the microscopic creatures found in a drop of water. This is a wonderful page for introducing the topic of microscopic life.
  • Love Longears – All life forms reproduce? What about mules? They don’t reproduce offspring. This page provides the information to answer this question. Mules have the potential to reproduce: about 1 in 10,000 matings will produce an offspring. It is just so rare that ranchers don’t even try it.
  • Is a Virus a Living Thing? – A virus fails two of the four criteria for life: All life forms have a method by which they take energy from the surroundings and convert it into energy that helps them live and all life forms reproduce. It is not considered to be living by most of the science community. However, scientists still debate over the topic. Evolutionary Content.
  • Atomic Structure – Illustrations of atomic size are quite misleading. This summary puts the size and structure of an atom in perspective.
  • Web Elements – There are “about” 116 different kinds of atoms in Creation. This web site is an interactive periodic chart which allows the student to access reference pages on the different elements and atoms.
  • DNA Anatomy – DNA is made of millions of atoms linked together. This page allows the student to construct a DNA molecule and understand the components of this molecule.
  • Starch-Iodine Complex – This is a GREAT pre-lab page to help the student understand the starch-iodine interaction.
  • Monosaccharides-Structure of Glucose – Everything you would want to know about carbohydrate structure is given on this page. It is an excellent resource.
  • Photosynthesis – Photosynthesis is the process by which a plant uses the energy of sunlight and certain chemicals to produce its own food. Plants take water from the ground and a gas called carbon dioxide from the air. Aided by the energy of sunlight, they chemically combine carbon dioxide and water to make glucose. This page reviews this process and provides a few interactives to help you better understand.
  • Biosphere II Home Page – A biosphere is a living system which is isolated from its surroundings and in which its contents continue to live and grow.
  • All About Earthworms – Earthworms are more than fish bait! Here is an explanation about how they help the soil.
  • Seedcorn Maggot – Maggot is another name for “baby” flies. This page shows them in living color.
  • Rabbit Reproduction – Rabbits have a lot of babies. The typical rabbit can begin producing babies about six months after birth. They produce 3-8 babies in each litter. This page gives some fascinating information about bunny reproduction.
  • Cell Structure – The cytoplasm, the cell membrane, the organelles, and the nucleus are the four basic components of the cell. This page give a interactive graphic of these cell components.
  • Cellular Reproduction – Mitosis is the mechanism that allows the nuclei of cells to split and provide each daughter cell with a complete set of chromosomes during cellular division.
  • Atoms All Around Us – Awesome series of pages that deal with atomic structure. For the student that can’t wait for chemistry, this is a TERRIFIC page.
  • Morse Code – Samuel Morse developed a code that represents all 26 letters in the alphabet as well as the numerals 0 through 9 in terms of just dots and dashes. Like the Morse Code system of dots and dashes, DNA also has a specific arrange of the nucleotides to store information.
  • DNA Structure – This is a more detailed look at the structure of the DNA molecule. The links at the bottom of this page are particularly good as they are an interactive presentation.
  • 3-D DNA Packaging – Watch this video to learn a more about how so much DNA is packaged into each of our cells.
  • DNA Extraction – This is a virtual/interactive website which explains how scientists get DNA to study. For further interest, click on the link at the bottom to learn how to extract DNA on your own.
  • The Cell – The smallest unit of life in Creation is the cell. This illustration shows the activity occurring in each cell at all times. Although it is just an artist’s idea of what everything might look like, it helps to visualize God’s awesome creation!
  • Cellular Mitosis – This page has GREAT graphics and video regarding cellular division/reproduction.
  • Bohr’s Atom – On the left side of the screen, click on “Bohr’s Model of the Atom”. The page offers information and illustrations. It also offers a few fun interactives to further understand this concept.
  • DNA Interactive – This is one of the best pages on the web for DNA information. It provides history, research, and structure links. (Contains evolutionary content.)
  • DNA and Protein Synthesis – An interactive illustration and explanation of protein synthesis.
  • Glucose – An extensive page on glucose structure and function. The resource links at the bottom of the page are particular helpful.
  • Cellular Metabolism – Metabolism is the process by which a living organism takes energy from its surroundings and uses it to sustain itself, develop, and grow. This advanced page show the process in college-level detail.
  • Three Cell Models – There are three basic kinds of cells: animal, plant, and bacteria. This excellent page from Cells Alive shows the differences.
  • Biological Kingdoms – The standard classification system in biology is often referred to as the “five-kingdom system.” There are other systems, however. This page discusses the standard and the other systems available.
  • Antony van Leeuwenhoek – van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in 1675. He produced over 500 different versions. This page presents the inventor’s accomplishments.
  • Bacteria – The number of bacteria in your gut and on your skin is greater than the number of cells in your body. This is a colorized electron microscope image of some common bacteria.
  • Food Poisoning – This website gives some of the pathogens that cause food poisoning.
  • The Smallest Site on the Web – Kingdom Protista is split into protozoa and algae. Protozoa are mostly single-celled and tend to behave like little animals. They can move around, and most of them eat other organisms. Algae are more like plants. They do not have a plant’s specialized structures like roots, stems, and leaves. However, they do make their own food, just like plants.
  • The Fungus Kingdom – Most of the organisms in this kingdom feed on dead organisms. By feeding on dead organisms, they decompose dead matter. As a result, these organisms are called decomposers. This great web site give an overview of the kingdom.
  • Shelf Mushrooms – Two very interesting and colorful shelf fungi are presented.
  • Mold on Bread – This page shows one of the Penicillium bread molds, and it was greenish-yellow.
  • Penicillium spp. – The parts of mold usually seen are the reproductive structures.
  • Fresh-Water Green Algae – Although one portion of an algae might look different than another portion, there are not specific structures that have their own tasks to perform. This page helps the student understand the structure of this important organism.
  • The Ecotree – Plants have three specific structures: roots, stems, and leaves. This site demonstrates the nature of the respective plant structures.
  • Vegetative Reproduction – Vegetative reproduction is the process by which the stem of a plant can form new roots and develop into a mature plant. This page provides examples and illustrations of plants that do this.
  • Plant and Animal Cells – Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a central vacuole, a cell wall, and chloroplasts, which are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place in the cell. This web page shows these and other plant and animal cell organelles.
  • Roots – GREAT page on root structure and growth.
  • Animal Diversity Web – If an organism is not a single-cell prokaryotic cell, not a single-celled-eukaryotic cell, not a fungus, and not a plant, it belongs to kingdom Animalia. This is a wonderful web site to begin an inquiry into the Animal Kingdom. Each Phylum, Class, etc, has its own information pictures, and classification information.
  • Streptococcus – The combined weight of all microscopic organisms far exceeds the combined weight of all other living organisms on earth. Thus, even though microorganisms are small, they are an important part of life on earth. This page shows an electron microscope image of Streptococcus, Group A, which cause strep throat.
  • Fungiphoto.com – Pictorial site which shows lots of different professional pictures of the fungus among us.
  • Midwater Medusae – There are numerous jellyfish found in the midwater regions of Monterey Bay. This page show you many of them.
  • The Anatomy of a Spider – Wonderful page with great pictures for the student who is interested in spider anatomy.
  • Crocodile Photo Gallery – GREAT photo shoot of these fascinating reptiles.
  • Leptospira – The average size of a member of Kingdom Monera is one-ten thousandth of an inch. This page shows one of the corkscrew shaped bacteria.
  • The Decomposers – A fabulous look at these awesome and necessary organisms.
  • Anatomy of the Plant Cell – Turgor pressure increases as a plant absorbs water. The pressure inside a plant cell due to the increasing size of the central vacuole is called turgor pressure. This web site shows the large central vacuole filled with water.

Human Anatomy Online – God’s ultimate feat of design is the human body. This page provides a wonderful resource for the rest of the school year. It will appear many times in these book extras.

The Human Skeleton – There are 206 separate bones in an adult’s skeleton. This page identifies them and gives an encyclopedia page as a selectable link on the major bones.

Bone Growth and Development – Bones never really stops growing. Bones are as strong as steel but at the same time as light as aluminum. To this day, applied scientists cannot come up with any material that is both as strong and light as bone. If they could come even close, the building industry would be revolutionized.

Bone Structure – This is a Kid’s Health page on bone structure. It gives some wonderful basic facts about bones.

Cartilage and Bone Cells – Bone tissue must be supplied with oxygen and nutrients to live. This scanning electron micrograph picture shows bone cells encased within the bone matrix.

The Axial Skeleton – The axial skeleton is the portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck and trunk. This site details the structure of this division of the human skeleton.

Phylum Arthropoda – There are more arthropods in Creation than all other animals combined. This web site details them, provides wonderful pictures, classification information, and even downloadable sounds.

Skeletal Muscle – This page provides a structural review of the major kinds of muscle and details the different functions of muscle.

Cardiac Muscle – This page show the structure of cardiac muscle and reviews its physiology.

Skeletal Muscle Index – There are about 640 different skeletal muscles found in the human body. This web site lists them in alphabetical order and links the name to a reference page on the muscle.

All About the Knee and Meniscus – A very informative page about knee structure. Great knee graphic shown.

Flagella and Cilia Movement – Use caution – this YouTube video may present links to inappropriate videos. A wonderful little animation that shows how these structures work in these microscopic creatures. You will never call a bacterium “simple” again after viewing this page.

Skin Deep – This article talks about melanin and how it relates to the different colors of skin.

A Vertebrate Look at Arthropods – The structure of arthropods in comparison to vertebrates is detailed and some of the fact presented are pretty amazing.

Human Skin – A Kids Health page on human skin structure and function. This a great page for a teenager entering the acne stage of life.

  • The Visible Body – Navigate through different topics from the top bar on this page.
  • Bone Structure – An advanced look at bones, their structure, and their physiology.
  • Muscles and How They Work – College level presentation on muscle anatomy and physiology
  • Ligaments – This site discusses the different functions of a ligament and the difference between ligaments and tendons
  • Arrhythmia – The heart muscle is controlled by both the brain and a small patch of cells, called the sinoatrial node, which resides on the heart. The sinoatrial node sets the pace at which the cardiac muscle contracts and relaxes. This pamphlet details the heart’s electrical and structure and discusses what happens when something goes wrong with the system.
  • Arthropods – This a linked reference page for this group of animals. If your student likes bugs, it is worth the look.
  • The Best of SOHO – All life forms have a method by which they take energy from the surroundings and convert it into energy that helps them live. The vast majority of the energy used by living organisms in Creation comes from the sun. This page provides some remarkable views of the sun and its energy.
  • Photosynthesis – Photosynthesis requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to be present for a producer to produce glucose. This page outlines the reaction.
  • Chemical Compounds – Plants usually store their excess food as starch. When animals eat those plants, they are using that starch to produce their energy. Thus, even though these animals cannot get energy directly from the sun, they get it indirectly, by eating the food that plants manufactured from the sun. Displayed on this page are the important organic compounds that makeup the earth’s life forms.
  • The Decomposers – Decomposers actually “recycle” dead organisms. When a decomposer eats a dead organism, the organism is broken down into chemicals that act as fertilizer for producers. This page details some of the common decomposers.
  • The Herbivores – Great web page on these consumers is presented. Explains the different types and their place in God’s Creation.
  • Combustion reactions – The chemical process by which organisms get energy from food is a combustion reaction. This page details the combustion process.
  • Carbohydrates – Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars called monosaccharides. Navigate through this lesson using the bar at the top of the window.
  • Lipids: Fats, Oils, Waxes, etc. – Fats are classified into one of two classifications: saturated or unsaturated fats. This web site describes the various kinds of lipids and gives their structure.
  • Amino Acids and Proteins – The smaller substances that form a protein are called amino acids. Nearly every chemical reaction that occurs in the body is affected by proteins. This page provides information about amino acids and proteins.
  • Amino Acids – Super animation pages regarding these protein building blocks are provided.
  • Nutrients and Dosages for Maintaining Good Health – The difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient is that a micronutrient is not burned for energy. These micronutrients are important for healthy bodies as well; however, micronutrients are not used for energy. This page lists the micronutrients required for human health and quantities suggested.
  • Temperature Regulation of the Human Body – Endothermic means that a creature has the ability to use energy to keep its internal temperature constant. This web site lists the methods by which heat is lost and explains how the human body compensates.
  • Calorie Facts – A calorie is actually a unit used to measure energy. This page details the different kinds of calories as well as their applications.
  • Calorie and Fat Gram Chart – A food calorie is actually worth 1,000 chemistry calories. This chart gives you the calorie count of many of your favorite foods.
  • Metabolic Rate Calculator – The total energy that our bodies use each day is called our metabolic rate: metabolic rate equals the person’s activity level during the day plus the person’s Basal Metabolic Rate (or BMR), which is a measure of the minimum energy required by the body every day. A person’s BMR varies based on many things including height, weight, general athleticism, age, and gender. Two very similar people can have significantly different BMRs. This page provides a program for calculating metabolic rate.
  • Glycolysis – In the first step in energy production, a glucose molecule is broken into two parts. This results in two pieces of a glucose molecule, some hydrogen, and some energy. This page contains a great animation of this process.
  • Krebs Cycle – In step 2, oxygen is added to the two broken pieces of the glucose. This makes carbon dioxide, more hydrogen, and some energy.
  • Electron Transport Chain – Finally, in step 3, oxygen is added to the hydrogen made in both of the previous steps. This produces water and significantly more energy than the other two steps combined. Linked to this page are several pages that explain this process.
  • Energy Cycle in Living Things – Awesome page about how all life on earth works together to maintain a working planet.
  • Combustion – Wikipedia page on the combustion process which is very well done.
  • Amino Acids – Human cells can manufacture 12 of the 21 amino acids that they need. This page details the nine dietary required amino acids.
  • Mitochondria Powerhouse – The mitochondria are the “Powerhouse” of the cell. This page explains the structure and function of the mitochondria.
  • Endothermic Fish – The body temperature of an ectothermic creature is not always the same as the outside temperature. This page points out that some species of fish can actually control their body temperature.
  • Glucose – Web page on glucose structure from the virtual ChemBook is presented on this link.
  • Amino Acids – The chemical structure of the molecules are detailed.
  • Proteins – An advanced look at protein molecules is provided.
  • Incomplete vs. Complete Proteins – Vegetarians can eat all of the protein they want, but unless the proteins they eat contain the 9 essential amino acids, it does little good. In order to get all 9 essential amino acids, true vegetarians must eat a wide range of plants and seeds. This page discusses what vegetarians should eat to get all the amino acids they need.
  • Mitochondrion – The structure and principle reactions of the organelle are discussed. SUPER graphics are provided on this page.
  • Animation of Electron transport in Mitochondria – During the Electron Transport Chain oxygen is added to the hydrogen made in both glycolysis and Krebs cycle steps. This produces water and significantly more energy than the other two steps combined. This page provides a super animation of this process.
  • Animation of ATP synthesis in Mitochondria – This page is an animation of how ATP is made. It provides some great information about the process for the college-bound student
  • The Digestive System – Great overview page from Teen Health is presented. Provides a diagram of the overall system.
  • Digestion – This Wikipedia page is very well done with numerous graphics which help explain structure and function.
  • Starch-Iodine – This is a virtual ChemBook presentation of the starch-iodine reaction. Provides great background for the starch lab.
  • What’s Spit? – This is a Kid’s Health page on the components and importance of this body fluid.
  • Fun with Amylase – Like to do science fair projects? This page details a wonderful little lab investigation of salivary amylase, the chemical in human saliva that breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides.
  • Oral Anatomy – This is a reference page on oral anatomy. Be sure to check out the X-Ray of the seven-year-old’s month at the bottom of the page.
  • Kinds of Teeth – The kinds of teeth found in the human mouth are detailed and their functions discussed.
  • Ivan Pavlov – Pavlov demonstrated that senses other than taste and smell can cause the salivary glands to produce saliva. This is the link to the Encarta page on this scientist.
  • Epiglottis – After food is chewed, mixed with salvia, and swallowed, it must pass into the digestive tract to be further digested. This page offers a description, function and pictures of the epiglottis.
  • Larynx Endoscopy – If food gets by the epiglottis, it may get stuck in the larynx or voice box. This link is a endoscopic view of the voice box and passage into the trachea. It has a lot of WOW factor for students because they get to see their voice box and vocal cords from the inside.
  • Endoscopy of the Stomach – These are images taken inside the stomach showing the different parts and aspects of a “normal” organ.
  • Gastric Juice – Gastric Juice is the name of the juice found in the stomach. This web page details its components and purpose.
  • Hydrochloric Acid – HCl is the most important liquid part of gastric juice. Hydrochloric acid is a combination of hydrogen and chlorine atoms. Unlike water where there are two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom, HCl has only one hydrogen to one chlorine atom. This page shows its molecular structure, history, and importance.
  • Indicators – An indicator is a substance that is one color in an acid solution and another color in a base solution. The red cabbage juice that caused the color change is an example. This page provides information on commonly used indicators.
  • Chyme – After the food bolus has had gastric juice added to it and been churned by the stomach, it becomes chyme: a liquid mush of partially digested food and stomach acid.
  • Duodenum, Duodenal Cap & Ampulla of Vater – Once the food enters the small intestine, the gall bladder and pancreas add chemicals to the chime. This page provides an in depth look at the small intestine and offers many endoscopy images of normal and abnormal small intestines.
  • Gall Bladder – This is a Wikipedia page on the functions of the gall bladder and its structure.
  • Pancreas – This is a Wikipedia page on the functions of the pancreas and its structure.
  • Endoscopy of the small intestine – The small intestine is approximately 20 feet, with the surface area of a tennis court. The inside of the small intestine is covered with tiny projections called intestinal villi. These can be seen on this series of images from inside the small intestine.
  • Endoscopy of the large intestine – The jobs of the large intestine are (1) treat waste so that it can be expelled from the body and (2) reabsorb water from the waste materials. This series of pictures shows the inside of the first part of the large intestine and details its structure.
  • An Introduction to Vitamins – A Kid’s Health page on vitamins and their importance.
  • Gastrointestinal Tract – A Wikipedia page detailing the structures of the digestive tract. Good graphics on this page.
  • Pathophysiology of the Digestive System – This is an online journey through the digestive system to help the medical patient understand the digestive system.
  • Amylase – Salivary amylase is the chemical in human saliva that breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides. This page describes a biology lab experiment dealing with this enzyme. Lots of links to reference materials are provided.
  • Conditioned Response – When Pavlov rang a bell, the dog in the experiment salivated. This is called a “conditioned response.” This page is an advanced look at Pavlov’s theory.
  • Introduction to Vitamins – Friendly bacteria produce Vitamin K, biotin, and folic acid in the intestine while they feed in the chyme residue.
  • Digestive System Themes Page – This a page of links to further sites regarding the digestive system. It is very extensive and should provide all the additional content one should need.
  • The Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System) – The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to all the tissues in the human body. This page shows its structure and composition. Each colored marker on the figure is linked to a reference page on the structure indicated.
  • Human Respiratory System – The respiratory system allows the body to take in oxygen from the surrounding air and expel carbon dioxide. This web site from the American Lung Association details the system structure.
  • Blood Vessels – Veins which carry blood back to the heart, arteries which carry blood away from the heart, and capillaries which are tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and cells are the major classes of blood vessels in the human body.
  • Kids Info Guide: The Circulatory System – The skin distorts the color and veins appear blue. Actually veins are dark red because they carry deoxygenated blood. They are pictured as blue due to the color seen through the distorting skin.
  • Muscle Tissue – Cardiac muscle which a cross between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle. It is totally involuntary but is striped like skeletal muscle. The three kinds of muscle tissue are shown on this page. It provides a great structural comparison opportunity.
  • Vertebrate Vascular Systems – The vertebrate vascular systems are compared on this one web site. Fish, amphibian, bird, and mammal hearts and the structure are compared.
  • Heart Anatomy – An excellent page which discusses heart structure and blood flow.
  • Blood and What It Does – A Kid’s Health page on blood and its function. Well done page.
  • Human Red Blood Cells – Human RBCs are shown in this colorized microscopic image from Cells Alive.
  • White Blood Cell Count (WBC) and Differential – This page provides the normal counts and show the different kinds of WBCs.
  • Hemoglobin – The molecular structure of hemoglobin, the special protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells, is discussed. Illustrations are provided.
  • The Heart Electrical System – The sinoatrial node signals the right atrium to contract. This page shows the structures involved in heart contraction.
  • Hematocrit – Blood is approximately 45% cells and 55% plasma, which is a mixture of water and chemicals. This page shows how this is determined and discusses what the percentages mean.
  • Your Kidneys – The kidneys careful control the levels of chemicals in the plasma. This Kid’s Health page provides some amazing information about kidneys and their function. Well worth the read.
  • How Lymphocytes Produce Antibody – Certain white blood cells produce antibodies, which acts like a poison to invading organisms. This page introduces the subject of immunity.
  • Antibiotics – Antibiotics are a collection of antibodies obtained from bacteria and fungi, which can be used to fight pathogenic organisms in other creatures. This is a great page to help the student understand their function.
  • Platelets: Sticky Situations – Platelets are responsible for aiding coagulation in our bodies. This page explains their function.
  • The Respiratory System – This is a page of links to multiple activities and interesting articles on the respiratory system. It is designed as a respiratory system tutorial.
  • Bronchi – The bronchial tubes carry air into the and out of the lungs. This page depicts their structure and function.
  • Alveoli – Alveoli are the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. This is an electron microscope picture of their structure.
  • Emphysema – This web page will help explain the major lung disease: emphysema.
  • Lung Pictures – Both normal and diseased lungs are shown on this page – scroll down a bit to see them. Not for the faint of heart!
  • Sponge Structure – Amebocytes are the specials cells that serve as the circulatory and respiratory system in a sponge. These special cells move freely throughout the sponge’s body. This page details the sponge’s anatomy.
  • Fish photos – Gills are evident. Great photography page for the fish lover.
  • Spiracles – Insects and their tubules are shown. You will never look at insects the same way again.
  • Vascular Tissue – Plant vascular tissue is presented. Great introduction into plant anatomy.
  • Your Heart and Circulatory System – This is a kid’s health page on heart structure and function which is very well done.
  • Human Blood Cells – The three main types of blood cells are red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets. This page shows the cells found in a drop of blood. “RBC” is “read blood cell, and “lymphocyte” and “neutrophils” are different kinds of white blood cells.
  • How the Heart Works – This page discusses heart function. The “Map of the Human Heart” link is a good one.
  • Your Lungs and Respiratory System – This is a kid’s health page on lung structure and function which is super resource page.
  • Larynx Videos – These are videos of normal and abnormal voice boxes at work. They are not for the faint of heart!
  • Anatomy of a Splinter – This great page is an advanced look at how the body defends itself against foreign substances.
  • Blood Plasma – The components of blood plasma are detailed and their importance discussed. It is an advanced look at the nature of plasma.
  • Hemoglobin – This is an awesome presentation of this special protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells.
  • Blood Clotting – This is an advanced look at blood clotting.
  • Blood – This is a college-level view at the nature and structure of blood and blood components.
  • Human Circulation – This great page should be entitled “Everything you ever wanted to know about circulation.” Great presentation.
  • The Respiratory System – Ditto the above here for the respiratory system. You will be amazed at the details on this page.
  • Cardiovascular Animations – This site provides a few animations about the heart.
  • The Human Circulatory System and the Heart – This is an online review tutorial for heart and circulatory structure. Because the lymphatic system and circulatory are so interrelated a review of the circulatory system anatomy is provided here.
  • Interstitial Fluid – Interstitial fluid leaks out of the capillaries and passes into and out of the cells. Without the lymphatic network, the body tissues would become waterlogged and full of toxic chemicals and pathogenic organisms. This is a Wikipedia page that details the components of the system.
  • Diagram of Lymphatic system – The network of lymph vessels is essentially the same size and scope as the network of arteries or veins in the body. After all, the lymph vessels must collect and clean the fluids surrounding all of the cells in the body. Thus, wherever you find capillaries, you will find lymph vessels as well.
  • Lymph – Interstitial fluid found in the lymph vessels is called lymph. This page provides more information and a couple of videos.
  • Lymph Nodes – Swollen lymph nodes in an area indicate that those nodes are fighting an infection. Swollen right axillary nodes would indicate an infection in a person’s right arm or chest. The lymph vessels are position so that when skeletal muscle contracts it pushes the lymph around in its system.
  • Spleen – The spleen is an organ where many white blood cells reside and reproduce. These WBC’s grow and mature in the spleen and are stored there for use in fighting disease. This page presents the spleen’s structure and function.
  • Thymus – The thymus gland produces white blood cells and antibodies. Thymus gland is critical in developing newborn immunity. This site provides some interesting information on this organ.
  • Lymph Nodes: A Closer Look – Lymph vessels that feed into a lymph node are called afferent lymph vessels. A diagram is provided on this page which show the flow of lymph through its structure.
  • Lymphocytes B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages are the three kinds of lymphocytes. – This page details these cells and provides awesome graphics and electron microscope pictures to help the student view these cells.
  • B-cells – B-cells produce antibodies that attack specific disease-causing microorganisms. This page provides a closer look at these amazing cells.
  • Antibody – Antibodies are specialized proteins that attack specific disease causing organisms. This page lists the structure and how these disease fighting materials are produced.
  • T-cells – T-cells attack microorganisms directly. Lots of information on this page. The importance of these cells to immunity is clearly presented.
  • Macrophage – Macrophages scavenge the lymph, eating bacteria and other debris. Macrophage means “big eater.” This page explains how these cells protect us by eating big.
  • Plasma Cells – A plasma cell is a lymphocyte that has been released into the bloodstream to fight infection in the body’s tissues. This page shows pictures of the plasma cells as they appear in the blood stream.
  • Vaccines: One of the Greatest Medical Advances God has Allowed us to Discover – This is a site Dr. Wile put together in an attempt to combat the misinformation of the anti-vaccination movement.
  • National Vaccine Information Center – A vaccine is a weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body’s production of antibodies which can destroy the pathogen. This page is from an anti-vaccination group.
  • Lacrimal Gland – Lacrimal glands are part of the eye. They produce tears. According to evolutionary thought, the trait should never have evolved. There is no possible survival advantage to producing tears. Literally, tears decrease aggressive drive, which should make those that cry less fit for survival. Tears are, therefore, counter evolutionary. This page details the gland’s structure and function.
  • Tears – Tears have infection-fighting chemicals in them which are similar to the antibodies produced in the lymphatic system. They also lubricate the eye. This page reveals the nature of tears.
  • The Kidneys: What, Where, and How – A great summary site of information related to kidneys and their functions.
  • Endocrine System – Kid’s Health again provides a wonderful page on the structure and function of this system.
  • Pituitary Gland – The pituitary gland is often referred to as the “master endocrine gland” of the body. This page shows the pituitary gland and its structure.
  • Diabetes – Great information from the Diabetes National Clearing House.
  • Lymphatic System – The main page to an online lymphatic system tutorial is given on this link. There are multiple additional pages presented to help the student understand the structure and functions of this silent system.
  • Lymph nodes – These are places where the lymph is cleaned before it is returned to the blood. The structure and function of lymph nodes are shown on this Wikipedia page.
  • The Vaccination Place – Great site for information on vaccines and their purposes.
  • Your Kidneys – This is a super page from kid’s Health that gives some truly amazing information about kidney function. It is well worth the read.
  • Endocrine System – A hormone is a chemical messenger released in the bloodstream that sends signals to distant cells, causing them to change their behavior in specific ways. This is an overview page of the glands of the system.
  • The Pituitary Gland – This is an excellent Wikipedia page covering the function and structure of this gland.
  • Diabetes Center: UCSF – The pancreas makes insulin, a hormone that enables glucose to enter the cells so that it can be burned. The disease diabetes is a result of a pancreas that does not produce enough insulin. The Diabetes Center is a teaching facility at the University of California, San Francisco. Great page to get lots of information on diabetes and insulin.
  • The Lymphatic System and Immunity – The lymphatic system tells the body about potential disease-causing situations. The lymphatic system carries fluid that has been in and out of the body’s cells, so it is well-equipped to detect potential threats to the body. This pdf offers a great deal of information on the immune system.
  • Cell Mediated and Humoral Immunity – The cleaning power of lymph nodes comes from the white blood cells. White blood cells found in the lymph system are called lymphocytes. There are many different kinds of lymphocytes, each of which performs different tasks in the lymphatic system.
  • Eyelids and Lacrimal Glands – Lacrimal glands produce tears. This is a cell biology page that depicts the cell structure of the eye’s tissues. The microscopic pictures are great.
  • Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland – This is an advance page on pituitary and hypothalamus structure and function.
  • Kidney – The amount of water as well as the levels of the many substances in that water are all controlled by the human urinary system. This is a great page on kidney structure and function.
  • Dialysis – When a sick person uses an artificial kidney machine, we call it “dialysis.” This is an advance tutorial site concerning kidney dialysis. It has wonderful college-level graphics.
  • Nerve Cells – Neurons and neuroglia are the two main types of cells found in the nervous system. The dendrites carry the electrical signal to the nerve cell body. The axon carries the electrical signals away from the cell body. This is a GREAT page on neuron anatomy.
  • Neuron Pictures – Cell bodies located in the cerebellum of the hedgehog are shown.
  • Neurotransmitters – This page, from Neuroscience for Kids, explains how neurotransmitters work and how they are produced.
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid – Cerebrospinal Fluid and its function is discussed in this link.
  • Spinal Anatomy – The vertebral column or back bone protects the spinal cord. This page details the structures and functions of the vertebral column.
  • Human Corpus Callosum – The two “matters” found in the brain are gray matter and white matter. Gray matter is made mostly of neuron cell bodies. White matter is made up mostly of the axons of neurons. The corpus callosum allows the two sides of the brain to communicate with one another. This page provides a look at the matters and the callosum from dissection pictorials taken post autopsy.
  • Split Brain – The two sides of the brain do not exactly perform the same things. For example, the left side of the cerebrum tends to be responsible for speaking, logic, and math skills. The right side is more involved with spatial relationships, recognition, and music. The different sides of the brain and their attributes are detailed in this page.
  • Blood Brain Barrier – The blood-brain barrier selectively transports “good” chemicals into the brain and leaves the “bad” chemicals in the capillaries, insulated from the brain. How the BBB does this is given on the link page.
  • The Autonomic Nervous System – The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The attributes of each division is given on this web page.
  • Sense of Taste – Within limits, God wants his people to enjoy themselves while on earth. Food is one source of enjoyment. Part of the reason we have a sense of taste is simply so that we can enjoy eating. This site provide a set of web pages designed to educate the students about the 5 senses.
  • Taste Bud – The “bumps” on the human tongue are papillae. Shown on this page is the human taste bud and its structure and function are given.
  • Physiology of Taste – The sense of taste affords an animal the ability to evaluate what it eats and drinks. At the most basic level, this evaluation is to promote ingestion of nutritious substances and prevent consumption of potential poisons or toxins. This page details these concepts.
  • Sense of Smell – Olfaction, or the sense of smell, begins as chemicals are released to float in the air. This page summarizes the process. You have to scroll to the middle of the page to start reading. The top of the page contains additional links.
  • Olfactory Epithelium – The millions of cells that line the roof of the nasal cavity are called the olfactory epithelium. This page provides a microscopic image of the amazing tissue.
  • The Vivid World of Odors – Chemicals floating in air dissolve in nose mucus. The dissolved chemical interacts with long hairs found on the olfactory sensory cells. The cells then generate a signal which gets sent to the brain, which the brain interprets as a scent. This page discusses the processes we called scent.
  • The Limbic System – The limbic system is the part of the brain that d
    eals with memories and emotions. This diagram shows how the sense of smell and the limbic system are structurally connected.
  • Rods and Cones – Rods have molecules sensitive only to light in general; cones have molecules sensitive to three colors of light. This page explains the process of sight and gives some awesome electron microscope pictures of the human eye.
  • The Cochlea – The structure of the inner ear is presented and the components of ear physiology are discussed.
  • Touch – This page shows the different kinds of touch receptors and explains their differences.
  • Neurons and Neuroglia – GREAT pictures of nerve cells presented on this site.
  • The Amazing Senses – This page provides an alphabetical list of animals and their unique sensory attributes. Did you know that butterflies taste through their feet? This page will tell you all about it.
  • Your Brain and Nervous System – Great page from Kid’s Health on brain and nervous system function. Well worth the read.
  • Vertebral Column – This site provides information and illustrations about the human spine.
  • Neuroscience for Kids – This is the link to the topic index page. Basically everything you want to know about neuroscience is linked here.
  • Finding Your Threshold of Taste – The pleasantness of the five basic taste sensations changes depending on the strength of the substance. The basic reason for this once again is protection. This page provides a taste “threshold” lab exercise that is fun for kids and adults. Try it at your next slumber party or sleepover.
  • Taste Animation – This little animation does a GREAT job of showing how taste works.
  • Eye Tricks – Optical illusions: what is perceived to be present and what is actually present. A webpage of advertisements will pop up when you open the first gallery selection. Just close the ad webpage to get to your screen. Use the back arrow to return to the gallery.
  • The Brain Atlas – Interactive models of the human brain
  • Autonomic Nervous System – This advanced look at the ANS from the University of Arizona library summarizes how the ANS works and speaks to the difference division within the system.
  • Taste Anatomy – On the sides and at the base of these papillae rest microscopic clusters of cells called taste buds. These cells have tiny “hairs” which are sensitive to certain chemicals. When those chemicals are detected in your saliva, the taste bud cells send signals along the sensory nerves in the tongue to your cerebrum. The brain then gives you a taste sensation, which can be either bad or good, depending on many factors. This page gives an advanced look at the process.
  • The Limbic System – The limbic system is the part of the brain that deals with memories and emotions. The nerves that pass the signals from the olfactory cells to the brain are all a part of the limbic system, the part of the brain that deals with memories and emotions. Thus, the sense of smell is very intimately connected with our memories and emotions. This page details their commonality.
  • Eye and Retina – An advanced look at eye and retina anatomy is given on this page. There are some very good pictures of structure presented.
  • Sound Properties and Their Perception – The perception of sound is a complicated process. This page from an online physics classroom, explains the processes and structures.

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